Papers

Introduction In his seminal book Thinking, Fast and Slow, Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman describes two primary modes of human thought: “System 1,” which is fast, instinctive, and emotional; and “System 2,” which is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. When someone asks you “What is 2 + 2?”, you engage System 1. You don’t calculate it; you just know it. However, if asked “What is 17 × 24?”, you engage System 2. You pause, retrieve a mental algorithm, and process the problem step-by-step. ...

Search engines have come a long way from simply matching keywords, but they still struggle with a fundamental problem: ambiguity. When a user searches “Is the US a member of WHO?”, a traditional system sees the word “us” (the pronoun) and “who” (the question word), potentially missing the crucial entities “United States” and “World Health Organization.” This disconnection happens because many modern retrieval models rely on tokenization—breaking words down into smaller fragments called “word pieces.” While this helps computers handle rare words, it often shatters meaningful concepts into nonsensical syllables. ...

In human communication, what we say is often less important than how we say it. A phrase like “Great job” can be a genuine compliment or a sarcastic critique depending on the speaker’s tone of voice and facial expression. For Artificial Intelligence, distinguishing between these nuances is the holy grail of Multimodal Intent Detection. To build systems that truly understand us—whether it’s a customer service bot or a smart home assistant—we need models that can process text, audio, and video simultaneously. While recent advances have improved how these modalities are fused, two significant problems remain: ...

Bridging the Gap: How Dual-Space Knowledge Distillation Unifies Teacher and Student LLMs The current era of Artificial Intelligence is defined by the “Scaling Law.” We have seen that increasing the parameter count of Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently yields better generalization and reasoning capabilities. However, this pursuit of intelligence comes with a hefty price tag. Models like LLaMA-70B or GPT-4 are massive, making them incredibly expensive to deploy and slow to run in real-world scenarios. ...

Beyond “I Don’t Know”: Teaching LLMs to Explain the Unknown We have all experienced that moment when interacting with a Large Language Model (LLM): you ask a question, and the model answers with absolute, unwavering confidence. It sounds plausible, the grammar is perfect, and the logic seems sound. But then you realize—it’s completely made up. This phenomenon, often called “hallucination,” is particularly dangerous when the model is faced with Unknown Questions. These are questions that don’t actually have a definitive answer. They might be based on false premises, ask about the future, or be linguistically ambiguous. ...

Beyond Ranking: Why Your LLM Should Care About the Magnitude of Rewards If you have played around with Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT or Claude, you know that “alignment” is the secret sauce. A base model trained on the internet is a chaotic completion engine; it takes Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) to turn that chaos into a helpful assistant. For a long time, the standard recipe for alignment was Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). But PPO is complex, unstable, and computationally expensive. Recently, the field has shifted toward simpler, “order-based” methods like Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). These methods look at two answers—one good, one bad—and tell the model, “Prefer A over B.” ...

Imagine you have a brilliant translator who speaks fluent, general-purpose German and English. You want them to specialize in medical texts, so you send them to medical school (or, in machine learning terms, you fine-tune them on a medical dataset). They come back an expert in “myocardial infarctions” and “intravenous drips.” But then, you ask them to translate a simple news article about a football game. Suddenly, they start translating “game” as “experiment match,” “player” as “subject,” and they seem to have completely forgotten common words they knew just weeks ago. ...

DogeRM: How to Teach Reward Models New Tricks Without New Data In the rapidly evolving world of Large Language Models (LLMs), we have witnessed titans like GPT-4 and Gemini perform incredible feats, from writing poetry to solving complex coding problems. But raw intelligence isn’t enough; these models need to be aligned with human intent. We want them to be helpful, harmless, and honest. The standard way to achieve this is through Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). Central to this process is a component called the Reward Model (RM)—a digital judge that scores the AI’s responses. ...

Imagine asking an advanced AI to describe a picture of a living room. The AI confidently tells you about a “sleeping black cat on the sofa.” You look at the image. There is a sofa, but there is absolutely no cat. This phenomenon is known as object hallucination. It is one of the most persistent and frustrating hurdles in the development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). These models, which power tools like GPT-4V or LLaVA, have demonstrated incredible capabilities in understanding visual scenes. Yet, their tendency to “invent” objects erodes user trust and limits their deployment in critical fields like robotics or medical imaging. ...

The Brain Within the Machine: Hunting for Task-Specific Neurons in LLMs When we think about the human brain, we often think in terms of specialization. Neuroscience has long established that specific regions of our brain are responsible for distinct functions—the frontal lobe handles reasoning and decision-making, while other areas manage language processing or motor skills. For years, researchers have wondered if Large Language Models (LLMs) operate on a similar principle. We know LLMs are incredibly versatile; a single model like Llama-2 can translate French, summarize a legal document, and analyze the sentiment of a tweet. But how does it manage this switching? Does the entire neural network fire for every request, or are there specific “circuits” dedicated to specific tasks? ...

Introduction In the world of Artificial Intelligence, document understanding—the ability for a machine to read, interpret, and extract data from scanned PDFs, forms, and invoices—is a massive bottleneck. While we have powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 or Claude, they are computationally expensive and slow to run on millions of documents. Ideally, we want smaller, faster models (Student models) that can do the job just as well. However, training these smaller models usually requires massive datasets labeled by humans. This is slow, expensive, and rigid. If you train a model on receipts, it fails on medical forms. This is the Open-World Document Understanding problem: how do we create models that can handle document types they’ve never seen before, without needing a human to label thousands of new examples? ...

In the modern digital landscape, we are swimming in a sea of documents. Every day, millions of PDFs, scanned images, and slides are generated. To a human, these documents have a clear structure: a title at the top, followed by sections, subsections, paragraphs, and figures. We intuitively understand that a “Section Header” is the parent of the “Paragraph” beneath it. To a computer, however, a scanned PDF is often just a bag of pixels or, at best, a disorganized stream of text and bounding boxes. ...

Have you ever tried to edit a scanned document or a PDF where the source file was lost? It is often a frustrating experience. You might want to move a paragraph, change a header level, or update a table value. In a word processor, this is trivial. But in a document image, these elements are just pixels. Recent advances in Generative AI, particularly diffusion models, have revolutionized image creation. However, they struggle significantly with document editing. If you ask a standard image generator to “change the date in the header,” it might smudge the text, hallucinate new letters, or destroy the table alignment. Documents are not just collections of pixels; they are structured information—text, layout, styling, and hierarchy. ...

Introduction If you have ever used tools like GitHub Copilot or Amazon CodeWhisperer, you know the magic of watching a Large Language Model (LLM) turn a simple comment into a functioning Python function or a complex Java class. These models, trained on massive repositories of general-purpose code, have revolutionized software development. However, the magic often fades when you step away from mainstream languages like Python or C++ and into the world of Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs). ...

The narrative of Artificial Intelligence in recent years has been dominated by a single, loud proclamation: supremacy. We hear that Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 are passing bar exams, acing medical boards, and crushing SATs. The implication is that AI has not only caught up to human intelligence but has begun to lap it. But is this actually true? Or are we mistaking memorization for reasoning? While an AI might defeat a human on a standardized test, does it solve the problem in the same way a human does? To answer this, we need to look beyond simple accuracy scores. We need to understand the latent skills required to answer questions and measure how humans and AIs differ in possessing them. ...

Large Language Models (LMs) have a reputation for being confident, articulate, and occasionally, completely wrong. This phenomenon, known as hallucination, is a significant barrier to deploying AI in safety-critical fields like healthcare or finance. To combat this, the industry has largely adopted Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). The premise of RAG is simple: instead of relying solely on the LM’s internal memory, we give the model an open-book test. We retrieve relevant documents from a trusted external database and ask the model to answer based on that information. Theoretically, this anchors the model in reality. ...

Introduction In the fight against the global “infodemic,” automated fact-checking has become an essential tool. We rely on these systems to sift through massive amounts of data, identifying misinformation faster than any human could. However, there is a significant imbalance in the current landscape: the vast majority of research, datasets, and models are built for English. This raises a critical question for the AI community: Can we simply translate claims from other languages into English to use our existing robust tools? Or, alternatively, can we rely on massive multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 to handle verification across all languages? ...

In the rapidly evolving world of Large Language Models (LLMs), the ability to turn a simple text prompt into a visual graph is a “killer app.” Imagine typing “Show me the sales trend over the last five years compared to marketing spend,” and having an AI instantly generate the perfect Python code to render that chart. This task is known as Text-to-Vis. To build these systems, researchers rely on benchmarks—standardized datasets used to train and evaluate performance. But here is the critical question: Do these benchmarks actually reflect how human beings create visualizations in the real world? ...

Large Language Models (LLMs) are famously knowledgeable. Ask them about the capital of France, the history of the Roman Empire, or the syntax of Python, and they will likely give you a correct answer. However, a lingering question in the field of AI safety and reliability is not just about what models know, but whether they know what they know. More specifically: Does an LLM understand the scope of its own knowledge? ...

We have all been there: a chaotic group chat on WhatsApp, Slack, or Discord. Multiple conversations happen simultaneously, people reply to messages from three hours ago, and users jump in and out of the discussion. Navigating this web of interactions requires more than just understanding language; it requires understanding structure. You need to know who is talking to whom to make sense of the “what.” Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 or Llama-2 excel at one-on-one dialogues. But do they struggle when the room gets crowded? ...