CVPR 2025

When we look at the world, we don’t just see pixels; we see structure. We instinctively recognize the floor we walk on, the walls that surround us, and the roads we drive on. In computer vision, these structures are known as 3D planes. Recovering these planes from a single 2D image is a cornerstone capability for Augmented Reality (AR), robotics navigation, and 3D mapping. However, there has been a significant fragmentation in the field. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods are typically “specialists”—they are trained on indoor datasets to reconstruct rooms, or outdoor datasets to reconstruct streets. If you take a model trained on a cozy living room and ask it to interpret a city street, it usually fails. This lack of generalizability is known as the domain gap. ...

Introduction The idiom “a picture is worth a thousand words” suggests that complex imagery conveys meaning more effectively than a brief description. However, in the world of Artificial Intelligence—specifically Vector Quantization (VQ) based image modeling—we have historically been feeding our models the equivalent of a few mumbled words and expecting them to understand a masterpiece. Current state-of-the-art image generation models often rely on a “codebook”—a library of discrete features learned from images. To improve these codebooks, researchers have recently started aligning them with text captions. The logic is sound: if the codebook understands the semantic link between the visual “cat” and the word “cat,” the generation quality improves. ...

Introduction: The Hidden Evidence in Our Hands In the realm of forensic science, every pixel counts. Consider the Victim Identification Programme within the Department of Homeland Security. They process millions of images and videos related to child abuse cases, searching for any clue to identify perpetrators. Often, the suspect’s face is hidden, and the only visible evidence is a hand holding a device or an object. This is where finger knuckle biometrics steps into the spotlight. Unlike fingerprints, which require a surface touch, knuckle patterns are clearly visible in standard photographs. However, automated identification has historically hit a wall. While recent AI has become adept at matching high-quality, straight-on images of hands, it fails spectacularly when the finger is bent, rotated, or captured from a distance—the exact scenarios found in real-world surveillance and forensic evidence. ...

Image inpainting—the art of filling in missing or damaged parts of an image—has undergone a revolution with the advent of generative AI. Models like Stable Diffusion and FLUX can miraculously reconstruct missing scenery or remove unwanted objects. However, if you have experimented with these tools, you have likely encountered two frustrating phenomena: the model inserting a random, bizarre object where there should be empty space, or the filled-in area having a slightly different color tone than the rest of the image, looking like a “smear.” ...

Introduction Imagine ordering a coffee or a small package to be delivered to your doorstep. In a futuristic city, a small robot navigates the chaotic urban jungle—dodging pedestrians, climbing curbs, and weaving through park benches—to bring you that item. This concept is known as micromobility. While we often hear about autonomous cars on highways, the “last mile” of autonomy—sidewalks, plazas, and public spaces—presents a radically different set of challenges. Unlike cars, which operate on structured lanes with clear rules, micromobility robots must handle “unstructured” environments. They face stairs, grass, uneven cobblestones, dense crowds, and unpredictable obstacles. ...

TinyFusion: How to Shrink Diffusion Transformers Without Losing Their Magic If you have been following the generative AI space recently, you know that Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) are the current heavyweights. From OpenAI’s Sora to Stable Diffusion 3, replacing the traditional U-Net backbone with a Transformer architecture has unlocked incredible capabilities in image and video generation. But there is a catch: these models are massive. They come with excessive parameter counts that make them slow and expensive to run in real-world applications. If you want to deploy a high-quality image generator on a mobile device or a standard consumer GPU, you are often out of luck. ...

Introduction We are living in the golden age of generative video. From Sora to Open-Sora and Latte, Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have unlocked the ability to generate high-fidelity, coherent videos from simple text prompts. However, there is a massive bottleneck keeping these tools from real-time applications: inference speed. Generating a single second of video can take surprisingly long on consumer hardware. This is primarily due to the sequential nature of diffusion models. To create an image or video frame, the model must iteratively remove noise over dozens or hundreds of timesteps. It is a slow, methodical process where every step depends on the previous one. ...

Introduction How do you describe a scene? It sounds like a simple question, but try to be precise. Imagine you have just returned from a trip to Easter Island and you want to describe the famous Ahu Akivi site to a friend. You might say, “There are seven moai statues in a row, facing the same direction.” Your friend asks, “What is a moai?” You reply, “It’s a monolithic human figure carved from stone, with a large head and no legs.” “Do they look exactly the same?” “No,” you hesitate. “They share the same structure, but each has a slightly different weathered texture and distinct identity.” ...

Introduction: The “Where is it?” Problem in Robotics Imagine you are asking a home assistance robot to “pick up the red mug on the table to the left.” For a human, this is trivial. For a machine, this is a complex multi-modal puzzle known as 3D Visual Grounding (3DVG). The robot must parse the natural language command, perceive the 3D geometry of the room (usually via point clouds), understand the semantic relationships between objects (table, mug, left, right), and pinpoint the exact bounding box of the target. ...

Introduction In the world of computer vision, more data usually leads to better decisions. This is particularly true when dealing with multi-modal sensors. Consider an autonomous vehicle driving at night: a visible light camera captures the rich textures of the road but might miss a pedestrian in the shadows. Conversely, an infrared sensor picks up the pedestrian’s thermal signature clearly but loses the texture of the lane markings. The solution to this has long been Image Fusion: mathematically combining these two inputs into a single, comprehensive image. Traditionally, the goal of image fusion was to create an image that looks “good” to a human observer—balanced brightness, clear details, and high contrast. ...

Introduction Imagine putting on an Augmented Reality (AR) headset like the Apple Vision Pro and having a conversation with a holographic projection of a friend or a virtual assistant. For the experience to be immersive, this avatar needs to look photorealistic, move naturally, and—crucially—respond in real-time. While we have seen incredible advances in digital human rendering, a significant gap remains between high-fidelity graphics and real-time performance on mobile hardware. Current industry standards often require massive computational power or rely on artist-created rigs that don’t scale well. On the academic side, neural methods like NeRF (Neural Radiance Fields) offer realism but are often too slow for mobile devices. ...

Taming the Hallucinations: How Video Diffusion Improves Sparse 3D Gaussian Splatting Introduction Imagine you are trying to reconstruct a detailed 3D model of a room, but you only have six photographs taken from the center. This is the challenge of sparse-input 3D reconstruction. While recent technologies like 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) have revolutionized how we render scenes, they typically demand a dense cloud of images to work their magic. When you feed them only a handful of views, the results are often riddled with “black holes,” floating artifacts, and blurred geometry. ...

If you have ever played around with text-to-image models like Stable Diffusion or Midjourney, you know they are incredible at generating complex scenes. However, they often fail at a task that is trivial for traditional CGI but essential for graphic design and game development: generating a foreground object on a clean, removable background. Try prompting a model for “a cat on a solid green background.” You will likely get a cat, but the fur might be tinted green, the shadows might look unnatural, or the background might have weird textures. This is known as “color bleeding,” and it makes extracting the subject—a process known as chroma keying—a nightmare. ...

Deep learning models are notoriously brittle. You train a model on high-quality photographs of dogs, and it achieves 99% accuracy. But show that same model a simple line sketch of a dog, or a photo of a dog in an unusual environment, and it falls apart. This problem is known as Domain Generalization (DG). Specifically, we often face the challenge of Single-Source Domain Generalization (SSDG), where we only have data from one domain (e.g., photos) but need the model to work everywhere (sketches, paintings, cartoons). ...

Introduction Imagine you have a photo of your specific hiking backpack—the one with the unique patches and a distinct texture. You want to generate an image of that exact backpack sitting on a bench in a futuristic city. You type the prompt into a standard text-to-image model, but the result is disappointing. It generates a backpack, sure, but it’s generic. It’s missing the patches. The texture looks like smooth plastic instead of canvas. ...

Imagine you are looking at a photo of a picnic. There are three wicker baskets, fifty red apples, and two small teddy bears. If someone asks you to “count the bears,” you instantly focus on the two toys and ignore the sea of apples. This ability to filter visual information based on language is intuitive for humans. However, for Artificial Intelligence, this is a surprisingly difficult task. In the world of computer vision, this task is known as Zero-Shot Object Counting. The goal is to build a model that can count instances of any object category specified by a text description, without ever having been explicitly trained on that specific category. ...

Introduction “Symmetry is what we see at a glance.” — Blaise Pascal. When you look at a photograph of a car, a chair, or a butterfly, your brain instantly infers its structure. You don’t need to see the other side to know it’s there; you intuitively understand that the object is symmetric. This perception is fundamental to how humans interpret the 3D world. However, for computer vision systems, detecting 3D symmetry from a single, flat 2D image is an immensely difficult task. ...

Introduction Imagine you are walking down a busy city street with your eyes closed. You hear a siren. To figure out where it’s coming from, you might instinctively turn your head or walk forward. As you move, the sound changes—if you rotate right and the sound stays to your left, you know exactly where it is relative to you. This dynamic relationship between movement (egomotion) and sound perception is fundamental to how humans navigate the world. ...

Introduction In the rapidly evolving world of Generative AI, Style Transfer remains one of the most fascinating applications. The goal is simple yet challenging: take the artistic appearance (style) of one image and apply it to the structure (content) of another. Imagine painting a photograph of your house using the brushstrokes of Van Gogh’s Starry Night. With the advent of Diffusion Models (like Stable Diffusion), the quality of generated images has skyrocketed. However, adapting these massive models for specific style transfer tasks typically requires expensive training or fine-tuning (like LoRA or DreamBooth). This led to the rise of training-free methods, which try to leverage the pre-trained knowledge of the model without modifying its weights. ...

Introduction Imagine you are a graphic designer working on an advertisement. You have a perfect photo of a car on a mountain road, but the client wants the car to look “golden” instead of red. Traditionally, this means opening Photoshop, carefully tracing a mask around the car to separate it from the background, and then applying color grading layers. Now, imagine you could just type “Golden car” and an AI would handle the rest—changing the car’s texture while leaving the mountain road completely untouched. ...